Bruker:Wiborg/Anders Johan Wiborg - Sideversjonshistorikk

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2024-03-08T10:07:53Z

Robot: Erstatter mal: Reflist

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	==Referansar==		==Referansar==
	~~{{reflist\|2}}~~		<references />

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2023-11-20T00:19:09Z

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	<!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiborg, Anders Johan}}		<!-- {{DEFAULTSORT:Wiborg, Anders Johan}}
	[[Kategori: Lesja kommune]]		[[Kategori:Lesja kommune]]
	[[Kategori: Klokkere]] -->		[[Kategori:Klokkere]] -->

Wiborg: /* Skill at education */

2014-02-24T18:45:30Z

Skill at education

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:45
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	Before 1800 sextons were not trained as teachers. When the ordinance was published providing that one of the teachers of the parish should also be sexton, there were many older people in the position, but it was provided that they should continue as before. And in 1811 Bishop Blech wrote: "The local sexton Wiborg is an industrious and good man. But as he is not as the regulations provide, a teacher, and since he cannot now meet the qualifications required, he must repay the school treasury the cost of a school teacher's salary starting from the beginning of the year."		Before 1800 sextons were not trained as teachers. When the ordinance was published providing that one of the teachers of the parish should also be sexton, there were many older people in the position, but it was provided that they should continue as before. And in 1811 Bishop Blech wrote: "The local sexton Wiborg is an industrious and good man. But as he is not as the regulations provide, a teacher, and since he cannot now meet the qualifications required, he must repay the school treasury the cost of a school teacher's salary starting from the beginning of the year."

			In a world where education was becoming increasingly valued and nationalism was on the rise, Kleiven's assessment is almost assuredly correct.

	===Place in folk history===		===Place in folk history===

Wiborg: /* Pride */

2014-02-24T18:42:42Z

Pride

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:42
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	::“Jordhøy was a man of eloquence and wit, able to amuse himself over things he found funny. With the sexton at Lesja, Anders Wiborg, the priest had a slightly-off-kilter relationship and he occasionally spoke to him sharply. Wiborg was a prosperous man and the priest thought he made too much of himself. So on one Sunday, as they rode over Dombas moor (heath), the priest and sexton on their way to the church in Dovre; suddenly the priest started chuckling and laughed so heartily, that the sexton eventually had to ask what he found so funny. ‘Certainly, I have heard that the sexton shall have a leg of mutton at the home of every farmer in Dovre, but now it appears that the sexton is without meat’, responded the priest, and laughed as before.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923), page 145 and following</ref>”		::“Jordhøy was a man of eloquence and wit, able to amuse himself over things he found funny. With the sexton at Lesja, Anders Wiborg, the priest had a slightly-off-kilter relationship and he occasionally spoke to him sharply. Wiborg was a prosperous man and the priest thought he made too much of himself. So on one Sunday, as they rode over Dombas moor (heath), the priest and sexton on their way to the church in Dovre; suddenly the priest started chuckling and laughed so heartily, that the sexton eventually had to ask what he found so funny. ‘Certainly, I have heard that the sexton shall have a leg of mutton at the home of every farmer in Dovre, but now it appears that the sexton is without meat’, responded the priest, and laughed as before.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923), page 145 and following</ref>”

	We've seen above that Wiborg had enjoyed some financial success and it is credible that he may have been overly self-satisfied. It is clear that the Wiborg family was somewhat connected within Gudbrandsdal in that period. Anders himself descended from an army officer and a number of his great uncles are military officers. His grandparents and great grandparents include several ministers. Members of the family were lawyers, bailiffs and sextons throughout the upper Gudbrandsdal. It is possible he was overly proud of ~~this as well~~.		We've seen above that Wiborg had enjoyed some financial success and it is credible that he may have been overly self-satisfied. It is clear that the Wiborg family was somewhat connected within Gudbrandsdal in that period. Anders himself descended from an army officer and a number of his great uncles are military officers. The surname of Wiborg (or Viborg) also implies a tie to Denmark, which in a Norway just gaining independence from Denmark, was not necessarily an asset. His grandparents and great grandparents include several ministers. Members of the family were lawyers, bailiffs and sextons throughout the upper Gudbrandsdal. It is possible he was overly proud of his social standing in an age when such social standing was no longer valued.

	Ivar Kleiven provides more useful insight, indicating that the minister Jordhøy was a typical minister of the rationalistic school. Kleiven emphasizes that minister Jordhøy had many excellent traits and was a very humorous, good-natured person on numerous occasions. He was an early and strong advocate for temperance. On a less favorable note, Kleiven also mentions that minister Jordhøy was covetous (a lover of money), and he enjoyed playing cards when real money was at stake.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923) page 145-147</ref>		Ivar Kleiven provides more useful insight, indicating that the minister Jordhøy was a typical minister of the rationalistic school. Kleiven emphasizes that minister Jordhøy had many excellent traits and was a very humorous, good-natured person on numerous occasions. He was an early and strong advocate for temperance. On a less favorable note, Kleiven also mentions that minister Jordhøy was covetous (a lover of money), and he enjoyed playing cards when real money was at stake.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923) page 145-147</ref>

	From this distance we can not tell whether Anders Wiborg was too proud of his wealth, whether the minister Jordhøy found it difficult that Wiborg had more money than seemed appropriate, or a third option. It does seem likely that the truth lies somewhere in between.		From this distance we can not tell whether Anders Wiborg was too proud of his wealth and status, whether the minister Jordhøy found it difficult that Wiborg had more money than seemed appropriate, or whether some a third option explains the record. It does seem likely that the truth lies somewhere in between.

	===Promoting legal wrangling===		===Promoting legal wrangling===

Wiborg: /* Fondness for drink */

2014-02-24T18:35:42Z

Fondness for drink

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:35
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	When Kleiven reported that the Wiborgs in Lom, Lesja and Fron were heavy drinkers, he does not mention that in that period alcohol abuse was a serious issue in the old farm community as a whole. In 1775, Gerhard Schøning mentioned in his report of his journey through Gudbrandsdal that alcohol consumption was extensive in Lom and Vågå.<ref name =S>Gerhard Schøning: "Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning er giort og beskreven af Gerhard Schøning", [Travel through a part of Norway in the years 1773, 1774, and 1775 paid by the Royal Majesty and undertaken and reported by G. S.], special edition related to Gudbrandsdalen and Hedemarken; Tapir publishing company, Trondheim 1980; p. 73.</ref> This trend continued. In 1808 Bailiff Torstein Andvord confiscated and sealed by direction (the bailiff was responsible for tax collection in rural districts) a total of 122 distilleries in the municipality of [[Lom]] according to the ting records.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> The perspective on alcohol in Norway of the period can be partially understood from “Every farmer is entitled to distil the produce of his own farm; and pays a trifling license duty…. A still is kept on every farm, not merely for the sake of the spirits, of which the consumption in a family is very great… The spirit is distilled twice for the use of the family, and flavoured with aniseed. It is strong and fiery, but not harsh or ill-tasted. What has been only once distilled has not so raw and unpleasant a taste as new whiskey. The Norwegian gentry seem to prefer it as a dram, when twice distilled, to Cognac brandy.”<ref> JOURNAL of a RESIDENCE IN NORWAY during THE YEARS 1834, 1835, & 1836; MADE WITH A VIEW TO ENQUIRE INTO THE MORAL AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THAT COUNTRY, AND THE CONDITION OF ITS INHABITANTS, by SAMUEL LAING, ESQ. Second Edition LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1837.</ref>		When Kleiven reported that the Wiborgs in Lom, Lesja and Fron were heavy drinkers, he does not mention that in that period alcohol abuse was a serious issue in the old farm community as a whole. In 1775, Gerhard Schøning mentioned in his report of his journey through Gudbrandsdal that alcohol consumption was extensive in Lom and Vågå.<ref name =S>Gerhard Schøning: "Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning er giort og beskreven af Gerhard Schøning", [Travel through a part of Norway in the years 1773, 1774, and 1775 paid by the Royal Majesty and undertaken and reported by G. S.], special edition related to Gudbrandsdalen and Hedemarken; Tapir publishing company, Trondheim 1980; p. 73.</ref> This trend continued. In 1808 Bailiff Torstein Andvord confiscated and sealed by direction (the bailiff was responsible for tax collection in rural districts) a total of 122 distilleries in the municipality of [[Lom]] according to the ting records.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> The perspective on alcohol in Norway of the period can be partially understood from “Every farmer is entitled to distil the produce of his own farm; and pays a trifling license duty…. A still is kept on every farm, not merely for the sake of the spirits, of which the consumption in a family is very great… The spirit is distilled twice for the use of the family, and flavoured with aniseed. It is strong and fiery, but not harsh or ill-tasted. What has been only once distilled has not so raw and unpleasant a taste as new whiskey. The Norwegian gentry seem to prefer it as a dram, when twice distilled, to Cognac brandy.”<ref> JOURNAL of a RESIDENCE IN NORWAY during THE YEARS 1834, 1835, & 1836; MADE WITH A VIEW TO ENQUIRE INTO THE MORAL AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THAT COUNTRY, AND THE CONDITION OF ITS INHABITANTS, by SAMUEL LAING, ESQ. Second Edition LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1837.</ref>

	Before the 1800s temperance in use of alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced and was a movement that gained momentum in the early 1800s.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> Several temperance societies began in the 1830s in Norway and an organized temperance movement began in 1844. ~~The~~ Priest Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy was ~~in favor~~ of temperance (~~according to Ivar Kleiven~~). Hence it is easy to understand that he would strongly discourage drinking by his sexton.		Before the 1800s temperance in use of alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced and was a movement that gained momentum in the early 1800s.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> Several temperance societies began in the 1830s in Norway and an organized temperance movement began in 1844. As recorded by Ivar Kleiven, the Priest Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy was an advocate of temperance.<ref name=K!>Kleiven, Ivar: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923), page 145 and following</ref> Hence it is easy to understand that he would strongly discourage drinking by his sexton.

	===Pride===		===Pride===

Wiborg: /* Context */

2014-02-24T18:31:20Z

Context

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:31
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	===Context ===		===Context ===
	Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and ~~rigid structure~~; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>		Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigidly structured; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

	The 1700s began as a period of strong Pietism in Norway under the influence of Lutheranism's second great reformer, Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705). To offset the radical nature of Spener's Pietist movement in Denmark-Norway, the period 1735-1746 became a period of "state sponsored pietism" with the endorsement and guidance of Christian VI's government. This period has been described as "a managed revival of the people" and was implemented through state laws and regulations on holidays, confirmation, mandatory church attendance and a 1741 prohibition against preaching in the home without the consent of the local clergy. State managed Pietism emphasized personal conversion that was brought about by by prayer and preaching through the state church.<ref name=W/>		The 1700s began as a period of strong [[Pietism]] in Norway under the influence of Lutheranism's second great reformer, [[Philipp Jacob Spener]] (1635-1705). To offset the radical nature of Spener's Pietist movement in Denmark-Norway, the period 1735-1746 became a period of "state sponsored pietism" with the endorsement and guidance of Christian VI's government. This period has been described as "a managed revival of the people" and was implemented through state laws and regulations on holidays, confirmation, mandatory church attendance and a 1741 prohibition against preaching in the home without the consent of the local clergy. State managed Pietism emphasized personal conversion that was brought about by by prayer and preaching through the state church.<ref name=W/>

	The Age of Enlightenment had some influence in Lesja with the arrival of the Priest [[Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy]], who represented the change in thinking of the broader clergy. Among the influences was the introduction of rationalist idea that educating the "common people" was important. Almost concurrently, Pietism got a new boost at the grass-root level in lay preaching of Hans Nielsen Hauge (3 April 1771 – 29 March 1824), a lay minister who spoke strongly and effectively against the Church establishment in Norway. Haugeanism lay the foundation for Norway's national movement culminating with the rift with Denmark in 1814, and strongly influenced many of the representatives in the newly created Norwegian Parliament. The anti-authoritarian impetus of lay Pietism mobilized people outside the bourgeoisie to establish an independent economic activity. The fight against alcohol abuse also received major emphasis from the lay-leaders of Pietist movement.<ref name=W/>		The Age of Enlightenment had some influence in Lesja with the arrival of the Priest [[Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy]], who represented the change in thinking of the broader clergy. Among the influences was the introduction of rationalist idea that educating the "common people" was important. Almost concurrently, Pietism got a new boost at the grass-root level in lay preaching of [[Hans Nielsen Hauge]] (3 April 1771 – 29 March 1824), a lay minister who spoke strongly and effectively against the Church establishment in Norway. Haugeanism lay the foundation for Norway's national movement culminating with the rift with Denmark in 1814, and strongly influenced many of the representatives in the newly created Norwegian Parliament. The anti-authoritarian impetus of lay Pietism mobilized people outside the bourgeoisie to establish an independent economic activity. The fight against alcohol abuse also received major emphasis from the lay-leaders of Pietist movement.<ref name=W/>

	These influences were captured by an important Gudbrandsdal local historian, Ivar Kleiven (1854-1934). He strongly represented the Norwegian nationalism and emphasis on local culture characteristic of the period. He served as the deputy to Parliament from Oppland (1900-1903). When Kleiven was over sixty years old, he began his series of local history books written in the local dialect and sourced from local documents and oral history.<ref>Halvard Bjørkvik: «Ivar Kleiven» i Norsk biografisk leksikon, 2. utg</ref>		These influences were captured by an important Gudbrandsdal local historian, [[Ivar Kleiven]] (1854-1934). He strongly represented the Norwegian nationalism and emphasis on local culture characteristic of the period. He served as the deputy to Parliament from Oppland (1900-1903). When Kleiven was over sixty years old, he began his series of local history books written in the local dialect and sourced from local documents and oral history.<ref>Halvard Bjørkvik: «Ivar Kleiven» i Norsk biografisk leksikon, 2. utg</ref>

	When [[Ivar Kleiven]], in his book "Lesja & Dovre," criticizes the Wiborg family as promoting law suits and community disputes, his comments must be understood in the context of the period and his views. For example he mentions this in his book "Lom og Skjaak", where he observes:		When Ivar Kleiven, in his book "Lesja & Dovre," criticizes the Wiborg family as promoting law suits and community disputes, his comments must be understood in the context of the period and his views. For example he mentions this in his book "Lom og Skjaak", where he observes:
	::“''These Wiborgs were certainly people with good skills and also had good knowledge for the period, but it is doubtful that their gift lay especially with instruction of the youth. Many of them had a strong inclination to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time. It can't be denied that those of the Wiborg ancestry were rather inclined to drink strong alcohol; both in their service in church and in school work they fulfilled their obligations, but according to everything that can be found about their school work it is not possible to find any evidence that they caused any notable progress for the school.''"<ref name=K3>Ivar Kleiven: “Lom og Skjaak” (Kristiania 1915), page 284. </ref>”		::“''These Wiborgs were certainly people with good skills and also had good knowledge for the period, but it is doubtful that their gift lay especially with instruction of the youth. Many of them had a strong inclination to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time. It can't be denied that those of the Wiborg ancestry were rather inclined to drink strong alcohol; both in their service in church and in school work they fulfilled their obligations, but according to everything that can be found about their school work it is not possible to find any evidence that they caused any notable progress for the school.''"<ref name=K3>Ivar Kleiven: “Lom og Skjaak” (Kristiania 1915), page 284. </ref>”

	===Fondness for drink===		===Fondness for drink===

Wiborg: /* Context */

2014-02-24T18:26:26Z

Context

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:26
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	The Wiborg family was involved in several interesting controversies recorded in both regional histories and in folk lore. These controversies are best understood in the context of the period.		The Wiborg family was involved in several interesting controversies recorded in both regional histories and in folk lore. These controversies are best understood in the context of the period.

	==Context ==		===Context ===
	Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigid structure; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>		Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigid structure; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

Wiborg: /* Controversy and criticism */

2014-02-24T18:26:04Z

Controversy and criticism

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:26
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	==Controversy and criticism ==		==Controversy and criticism ==

	The Wiborg family was involved in several interesting controversies recorded in both regional histories and in folk lore. These controversies are best understood in the context of the period. Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigid structure; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>		The Wiborg family was involved in several interesting controversies recorded in both regional histories and in folk lore. These controversies are best understood in the context of the period.

			==Context ==
			Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigid structure; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

	The 1700s began as a period of strong Pietism in Norway under the influence of Lutheranism's second great reformer, Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705). To offset the radical nature of Spener's Pietist movement in Denmark-Norway, the period 1735-1746 became a period of "state sponsored pietism" with the endorsement and guidance of Christian VI's government. This period has been described as "a managed revival of the people" and was implemented through state laws and regulations on holidays, confirmation, mandatory church attendance and a 1741 prohibition against preaching in the home without the consent of the local clergy. State managed Pietism emphasized personal conversion that was brought about by by prayer and preaching through the state church.<ref name=W/>		The 1700s began as a period of strong Pietism in Norway under the influence of Lutheranism's second great reformer, Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705). To offset the radical nature of Spener's Pietist movement in Denmark-Norway, the period 1735-1746 became a period of "state sponsored pietism" with the endorsement and guidance of Christian VI's government. This period has been described as "a managed revival of the people" and was implemented through state laws and regulations on holidays, confirmation, mandatory church attendance and a 1741 prohibition against preaching in the home without the consent of the local clergy. State managed Pietism emphasized personal conversion that was brought about by by prayer and preaching through the state church.<ref name=W/>

Wiborg: /* Controversy and criticism */

2014-02-24T18:25:00Z

Controversy and criticism

← Eldre sideversjon		Sideversjonen fra 24. feb. 2014 kl. 18:25
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	==Controversy and criticism ==		==Controversy and criticism ==

	[[Ivar Kleiven]], in his book "Lesja & Dovre" ~~criticized~~ the Wiborg family as promoting law suits and community disputes. ~~He also~~ mentions this in his book "Lom og Skjaak", where he observes:		The Wiborg family was involved in several interesting controversies recorded in both regional histories and in folk lore. These controversies are best understood in the context of the period. Throughout this period the control of the church was an important part of the Danish-Norwegian king's power base and the clergy served as an extension of the government. Society was hierarchical and rigid structure; a structure in which everyone knew his place, as determined by social rank, distinction and financial power.<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

			The 1700s began as a period of strong Pietism in Norway under the influence of Lutheranism's second great reformer, Philipp Jacob Spener (1635-1705). To offset the radical nature of Spener's Pietist movement in Denmark-Norway, the period 1735-1746 became a period of "state sponsored pietism" with the endorsement and guidance of Christian VI's government. This period has been described as "a managed revival of the people" and was implemented through state laws and regulations on holidays, confirmation, mandatory church attendance and a 1741 prohibition against preaching in the home without the consent of the local clergy. State managed Pietism emphasized personal conversion that was brought about by by prayer and preaching through the state church.<ref name=W/>

			The Age of Enlightenment had some influence in Lesja with the arrival of the Priest [[Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy]], who represented the change in thinking of the broader clergy. Among the influences was the introduction of rationalist idea that educating the "common people" was important. Almost concurrently, Pietism got a new boost at the grass-root level in lay preaching of Hans Nielsen Hauge (3 April 1771 – 29 March 1824), a lay minister who spoke strongly and effectively against the Church establishment in Norway. Haugeanism lay the foundation for Norway's national movement culminating with the rift with Denmark in 1814, and strongly influenced many of the representatives in the newly created Norwegian Parliament. The anti-authoritarian impetus of lay Pietism mobilized people outside the bourgeoisie to establish an independent economic activity. The fight against alcohol abuse also received major emphasis from the lay-leaders of Pietist movement.<ref name=W/>

			These influences were captured by an important Gudbrandsdal local historian, Ivar Kleiven (1854-1934). He strongly represented the Norwegian nationalism and emphasis on local culture characteristic of the period. He served as the deputy to Parliament from Oppland (1900-1903). When Kleiven was over sixty years old, he began his series of local history books written in the local dialect and sourced from local documents and oral history.<ref>Halvard Bjørkvik: «Ivar Kleiven» i Norsk biografisk leksikon, 2. utg</ref>

			When [[Ivar Kleiven]], in his book "Lesja & Dovre," criticizes the Wiborg family as promoting law suits and community disputes, his comments must be understood in the context of the period and his views. For example he mentions this in his book "Lom og Skjaak", where he observes:
	::“''These Wiborgs were certainly people with good skills and also had good knowledge for the period, but it is doubtful that their gift lay especially with instruction of the youth. Many of them had a strong inclination to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time. It can't be denied that those of the Wiborg ancestry were rather inclined to drink strong alcohol; both in their service in church and in school work they fulfilled their obligations, but according to everything that can be found about their school work it is not possible to find any evidence that they caused any notable progress for the school.''"<ref name=K3>Ivar Kleiven: “Lom og Skjaak” (Kristiania 1915), page 284. </ref>”		::“''These Wiborgs were certainly people with good skills and also had good knowledge for the period, but it is doubtful that their gift lay especially with instruction of the youth. Many of them had a strong inclination to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time. It can't be denied that those of the Wiborg ancestry were rather inclined to drink strong alcohol; both in their service in church and in school work they fulfilled their obligations, but according to everything that can be found about their school work it is not possible to find any evidence that they caused any notable progress for the school.''"<ref name=K3>Ivar Kleiven: “Lom og Skjaak” (Kristiania 1915), page 284. </ref>”


	Kleiven also indicates that Fredrik’s son, Anders, who become sexton after Fredric had a fondness for alcohol which did not sit well with the new Priest [[Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy]].<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

	===Fondness for drink===		===Fondness for drink===

Cnyborg: Ny side: '''Anders Johan Wiborg''' (Anders Johan Friderichsen Wiborg eller Viborg) war klokkar i Lesja prestegjeld frå før 1801 - 1838. Han var son til førre ...

2014-02-19T07:10:02Z

Ny side: '''Anders Johan Wiborg''' (Anders Johan Friderichsen Wiborg eller Viborg) war klokkar i Lesja prestegjeld frå før 1801 - 1838. Han var son til førre ...

Ny side

'''Anders Johan Wiborg''' (Anders Johan Friderichsen Wiborg eller Viborg) war [[Klokkarar i Lesja prestegjeld|klokkar i Lesja prestegjeld]] frå før 1801 - 1838. Han var son til førre klokkar, [[Fredrik Nikolai Andersson Wiborg|Fredrik Nikolai Wiborg]]. Han ble født 1769, døde 1838, gift, overtok Sili (1-11) etter foreldra ca 1790.<ref name=Kj> Kjelland, Arnfinn: ''[[Bygdebok for Lesja]]: Gards og slektshistorie for søre del av Lesja hovudsokn''; 1996; s. 300 - 303 </ref><ref name=B> Berg, Per: ''Ei Wiborg-ættegrein på Lesja 1751 – 1900''; Hedmark Slektshistorielags Jubileumsskrift, s. 119-126, Hamar, Norway 1964 </ref><ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

The church records for Lesja (page 582, number 6 for 1769) indicate he was born on 19 April 1769 and baptized as Anders Johan Friderichsen Wiborg on 26 April 1769. His parents were Friderich Nicolai Wiborg and Ingeborg Linneman. His godparents were Captain Casper Zeigler, Herr Lieutenant Berent Hartvig von Rappe, Capelanen Steen Meldel Feldtmann, Madame Anna Maragrethe Smidt, Jomfrue Catarina Hedvig Ornning, and Jomfrue Fridericha Fischer. He is identified in the 1801 Norwegian census as sexton and farmer at Sili.

Anders Wiborg served as assistant sexton at Lesja from 1785 until 1801 and as sexton until his death in 1838.

Heis the subject of a fair bit of a very interesting folkloric material. Sorting out the probable truth of the matter requires both a knowledge of the times, knowledge of the individuals commenting, and knowledge of the individuals discussed.

==Service as assistant sexton==
When on the 4th Sunday in Advent in 1785 Peder Jordhøy was appointed pastor by the provost, he appointed Frederik and his son Anders Johan Wiborg as joint sextons in Lesja (with Anders to serve as successor). Fredrik was often asked to serve as a guardian for minors, representing their interests at probates. Per Berg wrote about the two Wiborg sextons at Lesja: “Both the sextons were successful in making friends with the people and gaining their esteem.”<ref name=B/>

Per Berg indicates that Anders Wiborg became assistant sexton to his father for Lesja parish in 1785 because his father’s health was poor. Since Fredrik Wiborg was at least 70 years of age at the time, this is likely. Per Berg further specifies the ailment as several broken bones, but does not cite his source for this information.<ref name=B/> GS Wiborg points out that Ivar Kleiven reported Minister Peder Alstrup Jordhøy in Lesja broke his leg and became crippled on one side after slipping on the ice in 1800. GS Wiborg suggests that this is not to say that the older sexton Wiborg in Lesja didn't also suffer from a serious fracture, but when the primary source is not provided it is difficult for an outside reviewer to know where to find confirmation for such a detail.<ref name=W/> Regardless of questions on the motivation, sources do agree that Anders Wiborg became assistant sexton when Minister Peder Alstrup Jordhøy first arrived in Lesja.

Together with his father, Anders Johan bought Sili-Systugu in 1788 for 598 riksdalers, recombining Sili as a single farm. Anders took over operation of the farm became sexton after his father.<ref name=Kj/>

He had also inherited some of his father’s drive and enterprise. Tore Pryser indicates in an article “from farming class to middle class” that Anders Wiborg, as a farmer, was known as the first in the township/parish to use a plow with an iron mold board.<ref name=T>Fryser, Tore: Frå bondestand til middelklasse. Lesja historielag, Årsskrift 1994, page 105.</ref>

It is probable that Anders Wiborg was reasonably prosperous (though hardly rich) for the period. He not only held an income as a sexton, but was the owner and operator of Sili. In 1768 before buying Sili in 1770, his father wrote the bishop that he had never expected that a sexton’s income would completely cover expenses, and adds that even at the croft Lierberg (a less productive farm than Sili), “when God gives us a good year so that wind & frost don’t waste & destroy the grain, my income can be reckoned at 50 or 60 riksdalers.”<ref>Kristiania Bishop’s Archive, Sextons, pk. 8, letter from Fredrik Wiborg, dated at Leirberg on 26. October 1768. Statsarkivet, Oslo.</ref> When Lassen visited Lesja in 1777, he recorded the production for Sili as yielding ten tons of grain and having 50 head of cattle, of which 30 were mature and 20 were calves. There were 7 horses on the farm and two crofts. And the farm ran both a wadmal stamping mill.<ref>Lassen, Nicolai Christian : “Diary from 1777 concerning a trip through Gudbrandsdalen” reprinted in Lillihammer in 1933, page 11</ref> This sexton in Lesja had more sources of income than the income from his farm and from the sexton’s position; for example he ran the sawmill at Flågåstad in Lesja for a period<ref>National Archives of Norway, Rentekammeret, fogdregnskap for Gudbrandsdal year 1800, summary of sawmills in Gudbrandsdal, identified “Flagestad saug” (Flågåstad sawmill) in Lesja. The saw owners name and authorization were recorded as: sexton Wiborg; licensed to saw from 25 July 1782; the saw is not destroyed and is being operated on the owner’s property. Ownership is somewhat unclear as none of the mortgage records for the period indicate that any Wiborg owned Flågåstad in Lesja from 1779 – 1789.</ref>. Hence when The local historian Ivar Kleiver called sexton Anders Wiborg in Lesja a well-to-do man who lived on the fine, well maintained farm, Sili, he was probably accurate.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923) page 149</ref>

==Service as the Lesja sexton==

Anders Wiborg took over as sexton in 1801.

During his episcopal visitation in Lesja in 1806 Bishop Bech recorded that on 20 July that minister Jordhøy gave a very appropriate, heartfelt, fluent sermon. He further mentions: “The Sexton is an industrious and gifted man.”<ref>SA Oslo, Kristiania bishop’s archive, supervision, visitation records, inspection 1, package 1 (1732-1810), bishop’s visits for 1806, 20 July 1806 in Lesja parish.</ref>

==Family lineage==

Anders Johan Wiborg's father, Fredrik Nicolai Wiborg was married three times. His first wife, Ingeborg Simensdotter Schøyen, was born about 1713, died about 1747, and was buried 9 March 1747. Fredrik married the second time at Ringsaker in 1749 to Johanne Frederikke Falster, who was born in 1713 and was buried 8 October 1764. Fredrik was married the third time to Ingeborg Linneman, born 1729, died 1779, and they had one son, Anders Johan Wiborg, born 18 April 1769, who took over the Sili farm and served as sexton at Lesja with and after his father.<ref name=B/><ref name=Kj/>

Anders Johan Wiborg's paternal grandfather, Anders Nielsen Wiborg, was a major in the Norwegian Army and Commandant of the Kristiansfjeld fortress in Elverum. Anders Nielsen Wiborg’s family lived at Hørsand farm in [[Romedal]] from 1700-1718 and his widow continued to live there until about 1730. Anders' paternal grandmother, Marthe Hansdatter (Johansdatter) Modfeldt, was the major’s second wife.<ref name=M2>Morthoff, Bjarne & Løland, Jaco Sverre: Romedalboka: Garder og Slekter; Bind III; s. 21-53</ref>

Ander's paternal grandmother, Marthe Hansdatter Modfeldt was the daughter of Johan Borchersen Madfeldt (the priest at Romedal from 1665 – 1674) and Mette Nielsdatter Hofer. Ander's paternal great-grandfather was Niels Christensen Hofer or Hofver (the priest at Romedal from 1655 – 1665) and her mother was Ingeborg Evensdatter, daughter of Kristiania merchant Even Anderssen and his wife Marthe Hansdatter.<ref name=M2/> Ander's maternal great-grandmother was sister of two priests (Ole Evensen at [[Biri]] and Anders Evensen at [[Trøgstad kommune|Trøgstad]]) as well as niece of Christen Steffensen Bang, the priest at Romedal from 1621 – 1655, who subsequently established Norway's first printing-house.<ref name =M>Morthoff, Bjarne: Romedal Bygdebok, Bind II, s 17-51 </ref>

==Controversy and criticism ==

[[Ivar Kleiven]], in his book "Lesja & Dovre" criticized the Wiborg family as promoting law suits and community disputes. He also mentions this in his book "Lom og Skjaak", where he observes:
::“''These Wiborgs were certainly people with good skills and also had good knowledge for the period, but it is doubtful that their gift lay especially with instruction of the youth. Many of them had a strong inclination to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time. It can't be denied that those of the Wiborg ancestry were rather inclined to drink strong alcohol; both in their service in church and in school work they fulfilled their obligations, but according to everything that can be found about their school work it is not possible to find any evidence that they caused any notable progress for the school.''"<ref name=K3>Ivar Kleiven: “Lom og Skjaak” (Kristiania 1915), page 284. </ref>”

Kleiven also indicates that Fredrik’s son, Anders, who become sexton after Fredric had a fondness for alcohol which did not sit well with the new Priest [[Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy]].<ref name=W>Wiborg, Geir Steinar: WIBORG. En slektsgren med bakgrunn i det gamle norske bondesamfunnet; Gjøvik 1995</ref>

===Fondness for drink===
[[Ivar Kleiven]] suggested that Anders was excessively fond of alcoholic drink. Kleiven based some of his comments on Jakob Olsen Sønstebø’s diary, which he quotes as including several stories critical of the Wiborg sextons (probably focused on Fredrik’s son, Andrew). The first story (roughly translated into English) goes:
::“''When he and the sexton were in Folldal the Priest Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy kept a good pace so the sexton wouldn't have time to find something to drink before they moved on. They always took a rest at Synstbø before they took to the mountains, and at that farm the priest had forbidden the residents to let Wiborg have any strong drink to go. But the fox is not easy to shepherd, as they've said from old, every time those two were well in the sleigh or cariole and about to drive from the farm, the sexton had forgotten something in the house, his pipe, whip or mittens which he just had to go back after. And in the cabinet the bottle stood full so the woman could hurriedly pour a drink for the sexton.''”<ref name=Kl>Kleiven, Ivar: Gamal bondekultur i Gudbrandsdalen: Lesja og Dovre. 1923 </ref><ref>The original source of this story is a diary kept by author Jakob Olsen Sønstebø 1788-1874 from 1812 to 1874. When he began writing he was one of the school teachers in Lesja.</ref><ref name=W/>

When Kleiven reported that the Wiborgs in Lom, Lesja and Fron were heavy drinkers, he does not mention that in that period alcohol abuse was a serious issue in the old farm community as a whole. In 1775, Gerhard Schøning mentioned in his report of his journey through Gudbrandsdal that alcohol consumption was extensive in Lom and Vågå.<ref name =S>Gerhard Schøning: "Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning er giort og beskreven af Gerhard Schøning", [Travel through a part of Norway in the years 1773, 1774, and 1775 paid by the Royal Majesty and undertaken and reported by G. S.], special edition related to Gudbrandsdalen and Hedemarken; Tapir publishing company, Trondheim 1980; p. 73.</ref> This trend continued. In 1808 Bailiff Torstein Andvord confiscated and sealed by direction (the bailiff was responsible for tax collection in rural districts) a total of 122 distilleries in the municipality of [[Lom]] according to the ting records.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> The perspective on alcohol in Norway of the period can be partially understood from “Every farmer is entitled to distil the produce of his own farm; and pays a trifling license duty…. A still is kept on every farm, not merely for the sake of the spirits, of which the consumption in a family is very great… The spirit is distilled twice for the use of the family, and flavoured with aniseed. It is strong and fiery, but not harsh or ill-tasted. What has been only once distilled has not so raw and unpleasant a taste as new whiskey. The Norwegian gentry seem to prefer it as a dram, when twice distilled, to Cognac brandy.”<ref> JOURNAL of a RESIDENCE IN NORWAY during THE YEARS 1834, 1835, & 1836; MADE WITH A VIEW TO ENQUIRE INTO THE MORAL AND POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THAT COUNTRY, AND THE CONDITION OF ITS INHABITANTS, by SAMUEL LAING, ESQ. Second Edition LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1837.</ref>

Before the 1800s temperance in use of alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced and was a movement that gained momentum in the early 1800s.<ref>State Archives of Hamar, Kristians County, in delivery (A), package 159 (letter from the bailiff [top operational administrative official in the county] to governor [chief administrative official of a county]), letter from governor Torstein Andvord, dated at Samstad on 16 May 1808. (It is evident from the bailiff's accounts of Gudbrandsdal for the year 1800 that it is illegal to distill liquor at home and to sell liquor, unless done as part of an inn. On May 29, 1807 distilling spirits from grains other than wheat was banned in Denmark and Norway, and on April 14, 1808 a circular was published banning all liquor distilling. Source: “King Christian VII regulations and directives” (1807), page 53 and accompanying; from the august Wessel Berg: “Receipts, Resolutions and Collegial letters for Norway 1660-1813”, 14 April 1806.)</ref> Several temperance societies began in the 1830s in Norway and an organized temperance movement began in 1844. The Priest Pedar Alstrup Jordhøy was in favor of temperance (according to Ivar Kleiven). Hence it is easy to understand that he would strongly discourage drinking by his sexton.

===Pride===
[[Ivar Kleiven]] further suggested that Anders was overly proud of his financial success and perhaps of his family connections. Kleiven records a story to illustrate this,
::“Jordhøy was a man of eloquence and wit, able to amuse himself over things he found funny. With the sexton at Lesja, Anders Wiborg, the priest had a slightly-off-kilter relationship and he occasionally spoke to him sharply. Wiborg was a prosperous man and the priest thought he made too much of himself. So on one Sunday, as they rode over Dombas moor (heath), the priest and sexton on their way to the church in Dovre; suddenly the priest started chuckling and laughed so heartily, that the sexton eventually had to ask what he found so funny. ‘Certainly, I have heard that the sexton shall have a leg of mutton at the home of every farmer in Dovre, but now it appears that the sexton is without meat’, responded the priest, and laughed as before.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923), page 145 and following</ref>”

We've seen above that Wiborg had enjoyed some financial success and it is credible that he may have been overly self-satisfied. It is clear that the Wiborg family was somewhat connected within Gudbrandsdal in that period. Anders himself descended from an army officer and a number of his great uncles are military officers. His grandparents and great grandparents include several ministers. Members of the family were lawyers, bailiffs and sextons throughout the upper Gudbrandsdal. It is possible he was overly proud of this as well.

Ivar Kleiven provides more useful insight, indicating that the minister Jordhøy was a typical minister of the rationalistic school. Kleiven emphasizes that minister Jordhøy had many excellent traits and was a very humorous, good-natured person on numerous occasions. He was an early and strong advocate for temperance. On a less favorable note, Kleiven also mentions that minister Jordhøy was covetous (a lover of money), and he enjoyed playing cards when real money was at stake.<ref>Ivar Kleiven: “Lesja og Dovre” (Kristiania 1923) page 145-147</ref>

From this distance we can not tell whether Anders Wiborg was too proud of his wealth, whether the minister Jordhøy found it difficult that Wiborg had more money than seemed appropriate, or a third option. It does seem likely that the truth lies somewhere in between.

===Promoting legal wrangling===

Kleiven further mentions that the three clerks in the Gudbrandsdal often:
::“''had a strong mind to promote court cases and willingly brought lawsuits and quarrels, surely the Lesja sexton had many such cases to deal with all the time''”<ref name=K2>Ivar Kleiven; Lom and Skjaak; Kristiania (1915) page 284.</ref>
G.S. Wiborg believes there is probably an element of truth in this assertion, but suggests that Kleiven’s assessment is probably overstated. Kleiven may have misconstrued circumstances in part, as Per Berg explains in his article titled “Ei Wiborg-ættgrein a Lesja 1751-1900” in which Berg points out that Kleiven appears to have conflated sexton Anders Wiborg in Lesja with the lawyer Anders (Olsen) Wiborg when he wrote his local history. The first was the sexton in Lesja from 1785, and before that was adjutant sexton along with his father, sexton Fredrick Wiborg - there is no evidence that the sexton Anders Wiborg was involved in suites. On the other hand lawyer Anders Wiborg, a completely different person, certainly initiated many debt collection suits in Lesja community from 1785 on, and also initiated numerous suits throughout the entire Gudbrandsdal valley.<Ref name=W/><ref name=B/>

GS Wiborg further exculpates the sexton Anders Wiborg by pointing out that Kleiven's assertions about the Lesja sexton might also have been colored because the sexton in Lom, Henrik Wiborg, who succeeded his father (Ole Wiborg) as bailiff in Lom and served through the 1770s, became sexton at Lom in 1783. As bailiffs in the Lom law proceedings throughout the 1770s and 1780s, it is hardly surprising that the Wiborg name routinely appears in the records of the period. Thus Kleiven’s conclusion that the Wiborg name appears appears frequently in the legal records for Gudbrandsdal during the period from 1772 until 1808 had a basis, and it is possible for some to interpret these appearances as a Wiborg family inclination to lawsuits.<Ref name=W/>

===Skill at education===

Ivar Kleiven criticized Anders Wiborg's skill as a schoolmaster. Although Ander's father and predecessor as sexton in Lesja had been educated by a minister and was a schoolmaster in Ringsaker before he became sexton in Lesja in 1751, there is no record that Anders had been so educated.

It would help to have some perspective on Norwegian education of the period in the upper Gudbrandsdal. In 1805 a countrywide survey of the ministers about sextons and schoolmasters was performed. The minister in Lom (a parish adjacent to Lesja) responded that none of the Lom schoolteachers had been educated at a teacher’s school except Lars Henriksen Wiborg, who had recently been accepted as schoolmaster.<ref>State Archives, Oslo, Kristiania bishops archive, sextons, package 8, letter from H. Arntzen dated Lom churchyard on 5 December 1805.</ref>

Before 1800 sextons were not trained as teachers. When the ordinance was published providing that one of the teachers of the parish should also be sexton, there were many older people in the position, but it was provided that they should continue as before. And in 1811 Bishop Blech wrote: "The local sexton Wiborg is an industrious and good man. But as he is not as the regulations provide, a teacher, and since he cannot now meet the qualifications required, he must repay the school treasury the cost of a school teacher's salary starting from the beginning of the year."

===Place in folk history===

GS Wiborg proposes that sexton Anders Wiborg was one of the subjects (along with two of his relatives) of a folk song in the upper Gudbrandsdal. Einar Haugen, in his Norwegian English Dictionary, University of Wisconsin Press, indicates that: "når det regner på presten,så drypper det på klokkeren" which translates as “when it rains on the minister, drops fall on the sexton” is idiomatic, referring to the custom of giving the sexton a small Jul or Christmas “donation” at the same time as the minister received a larger one. This is part of the theme of this song. The magistrate received a similar “donation” at Christmas. It appears the three characters in the song met their deaths while scurrying from place to place to collect their Christmas money. It is clear that political commentary is not new - making fun of authorities goes back some time as shown with this clever example.<ref name=W/>

:::Folksong from Northern Gudbrandsdalen 
::::(Melody: Per Spelman) 

And the sexton at Lesja and minister from Lom 
and the magistrate from Vågå with glasses and paunch 
were out on a reckless ride one Jul-afternoon 
with the coachman in back, a cotter from Sel. 
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And the sexton at Lesja and the minister from Lom 
and the magistrate from Vågå with glasses and paunch 
they drove one Jul-day to heaven’s door 
they rap at the entrance, they open and ask 
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And the magistrate from Vågå cleared his throat and said: 
The office was dangerous and the wife she cried! 
The lumpish peasants are not for the cat, you St. Peter! [Translator’s note:”are not for the cat” is idiomatic for ‘are not easy to handle’] 
but he was most eager to find rest here 
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And the minister from Lom stood there humble, well fed 
with the true faith, in hope reborn 
He longed to find rest in Abraham’s bosom, 
the food was agreeable, and the dinner long.
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And the sexton from Lesja both bowed and prayed 
so fine about a room for the amen he said. 
When, for the minister, it rains and runs, 
drops come to him, he knows that, he
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And it was Saint Peter, large, up he rose. 
He clasped hands over the plug horse without a word, 
so he advanced the plug horse into heaven’s harbor 
and the coachmen, poor man, he mentioned by name.
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

And the sexton at Lesja and minister from Lom 
and the magistrate from Vågå with glasses and paunch 
who rode one Jul day to heaven’s door. 
stand yet before the gate, and rap and ask.
::Judge well, you good St. Peter, 
::you St. Peter, you St. Peter. 

==Referansar==
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